Corporate Social Responsibility - 10163 Words

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY By Lori S. Mohr-Corrigan, For The Paper Store -  © October 1999 VISIT www.paperwriters.com/aftersale.htm -- for more information on using this paper properly! Because society is fundamentally based upon performance and profit, it is not unusual to find that it is necessary to impart a sense of corporate social responsibility with regard to contemporary commerce. The ethical approaches of purpose, principle and consequence are integral components of business social performance; itemizing these contributions finds one incorporating the interests of ethics and morality within the corporate structure, essential concepts that are often absent from a managerial standpoint. Chapters two and three of Beauchamp and†¦show more content†¦The values of honesty, promise- keeping, truth-telling, benevolence and justice, endure because they are essential to the social fabric of human existence. Without certain fundamental principles of fair dealing and mut ual respect, business would be impossible (Ruin, 1997, p. PG). Establishing and maintaining corporate ethics is indeed principle to continued success, both on a personal and professional level. Beauchamp et al (1996) provide reminders that constant nurturing of moral judgment and a specific code of ethics is in order as a means by which to perpetuate the positive image necessary to uphold such policy. Â…The critics of principlism have failed to make a compelling case against its theoretical or practical adequacy as an ethical approach (Lustig, 1992, p. 487). The primary elements of such nurturing include having a clear and concise forthrightness, which is substantiated by culture; appropriate and applicable conformity with regard to difficult situations; managerial involvement and awareness on ethics issues; a nurturing program that is wholeheartedly supported by top management; and staff involvement. These concepts, which are both interrelated and individual at the same time, re present a complete quest toward ethical decision-making. No one element can create or sustain ethical management; and weakness in one element could undermine the whole effort (Ruin, 1997, p. PG). One can easily surmise from Beauchamp et al (1996) that diversity is truly key toShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility773 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate social responsibility may also be referred to as corporate citizenship and can involve spending finances that do not directly benefit the company but rather advocate positive social and environmental change. The soul in the next economy forum presentation made it evident that achieving corporate social responsibly in a company can reap major benefits in terms of finances, more inspiring workplace and customer satisfaction. In the past, companies mistakenly thought that corporate socialRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility1990 Words   |  8 PagesCorporate social responsibility is becoming a key initiative and an essential tool in the growth of multinational corporations and the development of third world countries throughout the globe. The two concepts can work hand in hand to provide benefits for all; however difficulties in regulating and implementing corporate social responsibility need to be overcome before effective changes can be made. Definitions of corporate social responsibility can be somewhat varied depending on the perceptionRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility1904 Words   |  8 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility The different aspects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have been the topic of considerable debate since the last decades of the twentieth century. 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This obligationRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility2819 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction For the past years, corporate social responsibility also referred, as corporate conscience has been a respected subject for discussion. Corporate social responsibility, unquestionably, contains more viewpoint than simply worried about the ecological impacts of associations. It came in people groups mind at the later 1880, time of essential modern advancement that associations ought to think about the thought of social obligation. Associations that are near to social obligation issues got toRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility2818 Words   |  12 PagesFor the past years, corporate social responsibility also referred, as corporate conscience has been a respected subject for discussion. Corporate social responsibility, unquestionably, contains more viewpoint than simply worried about the ecological impacts of associations. It came in people groups mind at the later 1880, time of essential modern advancement that associations ought to think about the thou ght of social obligation. Associations that are near to social obligation issues got to be worryRead MoreCorporate Responsibility And Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1867 Words   |  8 PagesStevan Jakovljevic Professor Laud MGT 3550 Values, Ethics and Sustainability 10/18/16 Chapter 3: Define corporate responsibility (CSR). Describe the benefits. Why do some executives support CSR while others find it troublesome and argue against it? Corporate social responsibility is what a company uses to self-regulate itself and refers to business practices involving initiatives that benefit society. A business’s CSR can encompass a wide variety of tactics, from giving away a portion of a company’s

The Modern View Of Islam - 1359 Words

The modern view of Islam in the United States is often influenced by the stereotype created by westerners based on the history of military conflict between the United States and Islamic countries. In turn, the view of Americans has shifted in Islamic countries due to the religious generalization that has been developed. It is widely known that the United States and Islamic countries have had military conflict in the past, with examples such as the September 11th attacks or the location and assassination of Osama Bin Laden, however the negative social interaction between these two communities is seldom addressed within western society. It is the misconception of the Muslim religion and Islamic culture that is to blame for these social biases which have placed Muslims in America into a social subjugation predominantly by people of non-Muslim religious affiliation in western society. In parallel and due to this subjugation, a negative opinion of Americans in Islamic countries has been a dhered. To address this issue in a two-hour briefing with the President of the United States, the topic of religious generalization and the physical and social harm it has caused to the Muslim community will be addressed. Likewise, it is to the concern of the President of the United States that the American reputation has been harmed – as it is his job to uphold the American reputation within the international realm. To aid in my argument and provide another rationale, I will bring politicianShow MoreRelatedWhy Is Islamic Democracy?913 Words   |  4 Pagesto willingly and easily accept western democracy, and as is eloquently summed up in this statement, â€Å"In the end, modern liberal governance is more likely to take root through organically evolving liberal Islamist trends at the grassroots level than from imported Western modules of instant democracy., we can begin to understand that our democracy is not necessarily compatible with Islam, but there certainly is a form of democracy which is very much so, though it likely has to be constructed from withinRead MoreComparing Sayyid Qutb And Zaynab Al Ghazali1616 Words   |  7 PagesWhen comparing and contrasting the different ideologies of Sayyid Qutb and Zaynab al-Ghazali, there is a strong fundamental sense for both in the role of Islam in constructing an ideal society; that Islam in one’s daily life contains everything that a perso n or a society might lack. So too do these thinkers hold a strong parallel between western modernity and the Jahiliya. Where Qutb and al-Ghazali differ comes from their conceptual differences, particularly in regards to gender and governing. ARead MoreEssay on Islam The Straight Path989 Words   |  4 Pages Islam The Straight Path   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An evaluation of the book by John L. Esposito: Islam The Straight Path. In this book , Esposito provides a succinct, up-to-date survey of the Islamic experience, an introduction to the faith, belief, and practice of Islam from its origins to its contemporary resurgence. He traces the emergence and development of this dynamic faith and its impact on world history and politics. He discusses the formation of Islamic belief and practice (law, theology, philosophy,Read MoreIslam the Straight Path1014 Words   |  5 PagesIslam The Straight Path An evaluation of the book by John L. Esposito: Islam The Straight Path. In this book , Esposito provides a succinct, up-to-date survey of the Islamic experience, an introduction to the faith, belief, and practice of Islam from its origins to its contemporary resurgence. He traces the emergence and development of this dynamic faith and its impact on world history and politics. He discusses the formation of Islamic belief and practice (law, theology, philosophy, and mysticism)Read MoreIslamic Reform Since 9/111184 Words   |  5 Pages The religion of Islam garners large amounts attention. Many believe it is a violent and backwards religion. Since 9/11, Islamic reform has become an all-purpose phrase: equally a western impulse to protect itself from Muslim violence and a humanist notion aimed at assisting voiceless Muslims (Eteraz1). Extreme displays of Islamic faith such as the attacks on the World Trade Center on 9/11 have generated negative stereotypes about Islam as a religion. These stereotypes of violence and backwardsRead MoreReligious Fundamentali sm: The Muslims of Different Sects859 Words   |  3 Pagesreligious fundamentalism in the modern world with most religions trying to consolidate a definition of what would make up the true and pure religion that they should believe in and follow. The Islam religion has not escaped this as well. There have been interreligious conflicts within the Islam as a religion. 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However, hearing of terrorism attacks on the world news might put one’s mind at unease and insecure. (Taylor 2011) contrast view of modern love which entails post feminism and masochistic relationships. The analysis of a work of fiction which has affected so many teenagers across the world, I feel that the vampire is a fictitious character, the minds of many teenage girls minds beRead MoreIslam And Western Imperialism I n Islam998 Words   |  4 Pageshistory, Islam’s encounter with Western imperialism during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has had the greatest impact on contemporary Islam. These encounters with Western powers influenced and shaped the Muslim world by introducing Islam to modernity. The Islamic world’s varied reaction to these challenges of modernity affects a wide range of issues in Islam today. To understand how the Muslim world reacted to Western influence, we must understand what they were reacting to. With the fallRead MoreThe Prophet, Muhammad, Islam1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe prophet, Muhammad founded Islam in 622 C.E. at the Arabian Peninsula. Judaism and Christianity both originate in Palestine, but Judaism commenced over 3,500 years ago while Christianity found its beginning in 33 C.E. Christianity was created by Christ, the son of God, while Abraham was the man credited with founding Judaism. Assuredly, albeit Judaism, Christianity and Islam were founded in divergent times, the religions still hold similarities in beliefs and teachings. However, differentiations

Digital Accounting Risk and Control Strategy

Question Discuss about the Digital Accounting Risk and Control Strategy. Answer: Introduction An accounting information system (AIS) plays a significant role in getting competitive advantages against the strong competitors (Holtje Shelly, 2009). Therefore, the aim of this report is to provide the involved processes that are used by an organization in the selection of effective AIS. This report will describe the definition of an existing business process, requirements of the business, and requirement of a system. This report is based on a case organization, which is B Bakery. Involved Business Processes The business processes of B Bakery can be better understood through the help of its business. The business of B Bakers is handled by the owners family, who has a long-history in the operational areas. This organization is currently producing confectionary products and wants to make changes in the quality of the products to ensure the long-term survival in the market. Processes for business activities: The core business processes of the organization can be defined through the help of those processes, which are utilized by the organization to produce the end products to customers. In this context, the core processes are the manufacturing of confectionary products, procurement of involved resources, products marketing and distribution of products in each target market. The operation management team of B Bakers collects the raw materials from suppliers and procures it till the final production of confectionary products. On the other hand, the distribution department of the organization ensures the delivery of end products to customers through the help of suppliers in market for addressing the needs of customers timely. Therefore, it can be stated that the processes related to production, resource procurement and distribution are some more important core processes of B Bakers, which are interrelated. The relationships between departments allow the org anization to generate the sales and earn profits. Hence, it helps the organization to get competitive growth in the market. Processes related to management of business: Analysis of B Bakers describes that the organization uses the processes related to the management to achieve the business objectives. These processes include the management of the required resources; plans related to resource allocations and control of entire operations related to the production in an effective manner. Through the help of these processes, B Bakers governs the whole process of operations towards the competitive goal achievement. B Bakers also uses the process of strategic management to analyze the competitive strength and growth of the organization in a competitive environment. Strategic analysis related process facilitates the make short-term and long-term business strategies to counter each policy of the competitors in the market in a more effective manner (Collier Agyei-Ampomah, 2008). This process helps the management of the organization to make effective strategic planning and execution of the resources. With the help of this, the strategic management team of the organization makes policies to ensure the successful execution of its core business processes. As a result, the management can take the actions for ensuring that the entire departments are getting maximum utilization of existing resources that will be reflected in the term of sales. Processes that support the business functions: On the basis of the business functions of the organization, it can be stated the organization has developed some effective processes that help each department to perform each operation of the organization in a more effective manner. B Bakers has used these supporting business processes through the help of core processes and management processes. The supporting processes are related to the internal functions of the organization that facilitates the organization to address each concern of the customers in a satisfactory manner. Accounting related processes; selection of the best team for conducting operational processes; and technical support to each department are some supportive processes that help the organization to perform each activity that can help to administrate the value chain functions (Collier Agyei-Ampomah, 2008). Through the help of these processes, the management does not only maintain the account books, but also manage the record of each business related transactions. As a consequence, the organization complies with the norms and rules of the business industry and government. Develop Business Requirements Indispensable Processes The competition in the segment of the confectionary products is increasing that is affecting the business of B Bakers. Therefore, management of B Bakers wants to offer healthier product range to its customers at reasonable cost, which requires the perfect alignment between each department of the organization and involved functions. Therefore, the role of supporting business processes is most advantageous for the organization in achieving the expected growth objective otherwise (Phelps, 2015). The existing business processes may not help the organization to achieve the expectations. For B Bakers, the selection and recruitment of effective and skilled human resource are a main support process because it may help the organization to address each concern of the market and customers. If not, then the organization may face great trouble in the market that may affect the core business of B Barkers because less effect employees will not help the organization to produce quality products that will not only increase the cost of operation but also increase the labour cost. The poor selection system for employees will also affect the value creation process and customer satisfaction that will decline in the overall performance of the organization and annual revenue. On the other hand, the production of new quality products range under the economical cost is also an important support process to the organization. With the help of skilled workers, B Bakers can reduce the cost of operations and increase the quality of the outputs. The supporting processes will help the management of B Bakers to correct reliable information, which will help to make accurate decisions related to the functions of the organization at any time. The processes related to the management of accounts are also important because it will help the accounting department to manage the accounts related to suppliers and customers in a more effective manner (Albrecht, et.al, 2010). Through this, the cooperation between departments may be increased and they will assure their maximum involvement in the organizational business activities. Further, processes related to accounting activities play most important role in the sharing of important information related current financial ability of the organization. As a result, the management of B Bakers may make effective decisions related to the allocation of resources and required processes to guarantee the right implementation of resources. Required Outcomes from Above Processes to achieve Business Objectives For ensuring the growth of business, the real-time data based decision making is a most important function that has to perform by the management of B Bakers. Therefore, each supporting process should have to ensure the regular availability of real time data to management related to the operations or functions. As a result, the management of the organization may be able to make a comparison between existing operations and involved resources in the term of revenue and profits (Phelps, 2015). Therefore, growth achievement is a main objective of the organization. Therefore, the organization will require the outcome related to value creation from the help of entire business processes. So, the processes related to employee recruitment, operations, accounting, and services should have to design in the organization to add more value to employees, customers, government and other non active stakeholders (Dagwell, Wines Lambert, 2011). In this context, it can be said that the entire business p rocesses of B Bakers have to make increment in the operational efficiency to ensure the production and delivery of quality products at reasonable cost that will give the competitive benefits also. On the other hand, the improvement in the operational activities is also an expected outcome of the business processes because it will help B Bakers to target potential clients effectively. It will also help in the sales increment. The management of the entire accounting related systems in an effective manner is also an expected outcome of the system that will help the management to get accurate information related to the business along with the performance of the organization on the basis of involved resources (Albrecht, et.al, 2010). This term will not only allow the organization to make improvement in the performance of the B Bakers but also help to get the maximum utilization of the resources to produce quality goods. In the similar sense, it is also an objective of B Bakers to ensure the operational work flow through the help of significant alignment between entire functions. This objective will also help the organization to replace the workplace conflicts and improve the level of mutual cooperation (Dagwell, Wines Lambert, 2011). Therefore, the improvement in the management and allocation of the work is some outcomes for the above defined processes that will make a positive impact on the business functionalities of the B Bakers. Determination of System Requirements Software features Management of B Baker wants to implement an effective software package that can help in the management of accounts. Therefore, it is most important for the organization to make a proper analysis of the requirements that have to fulfill from the accounting software before making any kind of decision related to the investment (Ttulos, 2008, p. 68). Followings are some required features for the accounting software in the term of B Bakers objectives: Data recording at each level with a regular update of the system: It is a well known term that IT system related to accounting activities stores each data related to the organization. There, the requirement of the accounting system is tantamount to collect the data from each department at the same time and update the system quickly (Wilson, 2016). With the help of this, the management of B Bakers can be able to know the entire collection everyday and make analysis of the performance of the operation team and marketing team. Therefore, the data gathering and system update are two main functions, which have to fulfill by the system. Requirement related to reliable Data Reporting: The norms and laws of every country impose pressure on every organization to give the report related to financial situations. Therefore, the required IT systems should have to fulfill the need of the organization related to financial reporting and keep away the organization from any legal burden. The IT system should facilitate the organization such as B Bakers to get a report related to financial situations, sales, revenue or profits as per specific period that can help in decision making. As well as the systems should also allow the organization to show the financial data to important shareholders at any time. Ability to respond towards changes: For the B Bakery, the accounting system should have the upgrading feature that can help the organization to respond as per the need of the organization and changes in the external business environment. This feature will also help the organization to manage the changes in the accounting process that can take place after the implementation of the strategy related to the production of a new product range. As a result, the upgrading feature of the software will allow the organization to add new features at any time. Security with online connectivity: For an organization, the protection of data is most important because it allows the organization to keep business activities from any kind of leakage. To achieve the objectives of the organization, the security related feature will play the most significant role. Similarly, security feature also helps to manage the online data and online business activities from any kind of data hack or fraud. Otherwise, hacking or any kind of the data leakage may affect the profitability and brand value of the organization. To ensure the security of the data, the feature related to the backup should be also there, which will help to develop data during any system default. On the other hand, the internet connective feature will allow the management of the organization to collect information from different department directly that will also help to reduce the involvement of the time in the data analysis and respective decision making. Hence, the system should have th e feature related to internet connectivity that will also allow B Bakery to grow the business without considering any kind of financial loss due to the online transactions. Integration and Analysis of data: The main aim behind the use of accounting software is the analysis of financial data and its reporting to the management of the organization. Therefore, the software should have the feature related to data analysis that can be performed monthly, quarterly, half yearly and yearly. Through the help of this, the management may predict the possible future of the organization (Genevieve-Gold Flight, 2013). This feature will also help to make the decision to solve the issues related to performance of the organization that will also help to keep competitive advantages. Features of Evaluation and Reporting: The system related to accounting should also have a feature related to evaluation and reporting, which may help B Bakers to make regular analysis of the performance of human resource, efficiency of the involved machinery and asset during the requirement. These features in accounting system will also allow the organization to make control on each operation to ensure expectable outcomes only. These features may help to put eyes on every department of B Bakery and find out the main reasons behind the lack of the performance. Vendors and available Accounting Software There are several three main suppliers of accounting software. The entire information related to the accounting software can be taken from the website of companies. There are three main categories of the accounting software. Low category software facilitates the business organizations to perform some functions of the accounting only (Deshmukh, 2006). These functions can be development of reports, manage and maintain the company accounts, and data recording only for one market. On the other hand, medium category software is costly that allow the companies to calculate financial transactions from market to market. The medium accounting software provides the information to management with data representation to reduce any communication gap. The high end accounting software is generally known as ERP (Enterprises Resource Planning), which helps the organization to conduct multifunction at a time (Deshmukh, 2006). Hence, this software is most effective for the organizations, which have lar ge or medium structure. But ERP based accounting software needs huge money and time to ensure the successful implementation (Cooper, Funnell Lee, 2012). This type of software has a complex nature that requires training to employees, while middle and low accounting software is users friendly, which does not need expert training (Deshmukh, 2006). Analysis of B Bakers describes that this organization has medium level organizational structure but has money to make investment to implement accounting software. Therefore, the medium size category of the accounting software will be effective for the small size organization. This is because this type of software will not need huge money or human resource and anyone from the organization can use it anytime (Curtis, 2010). Medium category software will also help the organization to know the performance of each department through the report related to each department (Deshmukh, 2006). Hence, it can help B Bakers to reduce the operational cost of the organization and make a positive impact on its competency level against the competitors. Comparison between Two Accounting Software There is two accounting software in the middle category, which are most popular. Following is the comparison between two accounting software to help for the selection of a right vendor to B Bakers. Functionalities Vendors MYOB Xero System related Functions Size of Business Medium and small Small, medium and large Support of Operating System Support OSX, and Windows Along OSX and Windows, Linux also supports User Interface Stand alone (requires installations ) Web based System update Manual Automatic System backup Any time Limitation of 10 days E-commerce supports Not Available (Needs add-on programs) Available Management related Functions Invoice and Billing Purchase order data Automatic billing Format of report Standard Format Uses standard format Forecasting analysis Facility Available Facility Available Payroll analysis function Less features More features Calculation of tax Automatic Automatic Integration of collected Data Available Available Management of Inventory Advanced functions to manage inventory related activities Basic features for the management of inventory only Customer related functions Security Low measures for security High measures of data security Support to customers Available to customers through phone and internet Available to customers through phone and internet Management of Accounts Possible in single currency Possible in multiple currency Bank Reconciliation Facility Available Facility Available Multi-browsing Facility Unavailable Facility Available Mobile App for accounting activities Provided by company after purchasing license Provided by company after purchasing license Price of Software Respectively high Respectively low As per the above comparison, it can be stated that there are several similarities and difference between both accounting software. But some differences such as the price; customer services, operating system supports are some functions that help to choose Xero rather than MYOB. This is because the XERO will provide best customers services after the implementation within low price, while MYOB will provide the similar service to users after paying a high cost (Smith, 2012). Suitable Accounting Software for Bakery Business The business of Bakery does not include a large business structure. Therefore the selection of effective accounting software can depend on the following features: For B Bakers, Xero can be effective software because it will not need huge money and not increase the cost of end products while MYOB may increase the cost of product (Smith, 2012). Therefore, MYOB cannot be selected for Bakery business. Through the help of Xero, the management of B Bakers can integrate the information related to accounts from different departments, which will be used to make automatic tax calculation. As a result, the organization may know about the overall profits made by the organization in a more significant way without making any human error (Sale, 2003). Cost of product and quality is the most important terms for the bakery business. Through the use of Xero, the organization may monitor the performance of operation management through regular analysis of the financial activities (Smith, 2015). Hence, poor quality can be recognized by the organization timely that will make only positive impacts on the decision making related to changes in the quality related aspects. B Bakers wants to expand the business activities; therefore, the regular analysis of sales will be required. In this context, Xero has an automatic update of the system that will help the organization to get real time data related to sales to make further decisions (Smith, 2015). In this context, MYOB is not automatically updated character (Digital First Pty Ltd, 2016). Hence, it cannot be helpful for the bakery organization. Due to the small size of organizational structure, the payroll feature of Xero will also help B Bakers to appraise the employee's performance effectively that will help in making future decision related to business expansions. For bakery, regular sales are most important due to the nature of products. In this context, Xero is appropriate accounting software because it provides the secured e-commerce facility which can serve to conduct online transactions (Smith, 2015). Therefore, it can be possible to conclude that Xero accounting software is most preferable accounting software, which can help B Bakery to conduct the bakery business effectively. Conclusion As per above discussion, it can be concluded that the management of B Bakers should make the investment to implement accounting software "Xero" to get information and make operation and strategic decisions. After the successful adaptation of Xero software, the accounting department will not need to hire external accosting person to conduct and manage the accounting activities. References Albrecht, W.S., Stice, E.K., Stice, J.D. Swain, M.R. (2010) Accounting: Concepts and Applications, 11th ed. USA: Cengage Learning. Collier, P.M. Agyei-Ampomah, S. (2008) Management Accounting Risk and Control Strategy. UK: Elsevier. Cooper, K., Funnell, W. Lee, J. (2012) Public Sector Accounting and Accountability in Australia. Australia: UNSW Press. Curtis, V. (2010) Getting Started in Bookkeeping For Dummies. USA: John Wiley Sons. Dagwell, R., Wines, G. Lambert, C. (2011) Corporate Accounting in Australia. China: Pearson Higher Education AU. Deshmukh, A. (2006) Digital Accounting: The Effects of the Internet and ERP on Accounting. USA: Idea Group Inc (IGI). Digital First Pty Ltd. (2016) Xero vs MYOB AccountRight Live Comparison A Second Opinion [Online]. Available at: https://www.digitalfirst.com/xero-vs-myob-accountright-live-comparison-second-opinion/ (Accessed: 11 September 2016) Genevieve-Gold Flight (2013) The Secret Code to Success and Wealth in Online Business: Opening Your Eyes to the Hidden Secrets of Success in Online Business World. Best Online Business eBook. Harmon, P. (2014) Business process change. USA: Morgan Kaufmann. Holtje, B. Shelly, S. (2009) How to Start a Home-Based Business. USA: Rowman Littlefield. Phelps, C. (2015) What Everybody Ought to Know About Accounting. Lulu Press, Inc. Sale, J.T. (2003) Advances in International Accounting. UK: Elsevier. Smith H. (2012) Learn Small Business Startup in 7 Days. USA: John Wiley Sons. Smith, H. (2015) Xero For Dummies, 2nd ed. USA: John Wiley Sons. Ttulos, O. (2008) Implementing reforms in public sector accounting. Coimbra University Press. Wilson, R. (2016) Researching Accounting Education: Australian Contributions. USA: Routledge.

Descartes Meditations Essay Example For Students

Descartes Meditations Essay Descartes Cogito Ergo Sum (I am, I exist) argument is a complex one. In many ways, he constructs a convincing argument for the existence of the self, and for the process of the thinking being, the essence of that self. In this meditation on his philosophy, Descartes on numerous attempts tries to convince both the readers, as well as himself, of his theory that we must reject all of our present ideas and beliefs and start from nothing. He believes that the only thing that has any certainty at this point is his own existence as a thinking being. Everything else, which he has learned throughout his entire life and believed in, is to be thrown out because it is not known clearly and distinctly. Descartes method and theory on knowledge was well planned and carefully thought out. It is evident that he spent a great deal of time determining the principles that he would use as determinants for judging whether a specific idea was justified and true. In my opinion, there are some flaws contained in Descartes argument. Among these flaws are Descartes apparent determination to prove his theory on his individual existence in the world and the existence of G-d to backup and prove himself and his theories. At the beginning of meditation two, Descartes is stuck in the middle of nothingness. He has nothing, nothing to believe in and everything around him he regards as false. This is because he cannot believe what he has learned and he is alsounable to trust his senses due to the fact that they deceive him. He feels like he is drowning in a whirlpool and cannot reach the top and get out nor can he put his feet on the bottom and stand. Everything in the world at this point he has called into doubt, including himself. Everything that he has ever seen, learned or thought is now external from what he deems to be true and he is beginning his knowledge from non-existence. Descartes although is certain of one thing, nothing (but to be certain of nothing is still to be certain of something?). Descartes is a rational thinker and he rationalizes through his studies that nothing in the world is known. He decided to re-start his belief process and call everything he has ever believed in, into doubt. He is debating complex ideas in his head, changing his mind and objectively making decisions, so his existence in a world has to be a certainty. The fact that he is having these thoughts, whether right or wrong proves mental capacity. Descartes then states with certainty Cogito ergo sum (I am, I exist). This is the first accurate idea that Descartes knows with any conviction, he knows that he is a thinking being. Descartes still does not know what he is, he says but what then am I? A thing that thinks. What is that? A thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, wills, refuses, and that also imagines and senses. He is aware of his mental capacity and knows he thinks, deliberates and makes decisions, but he still rejects his body and his senses. One major flaw found in Descartes argument is that while critically examining, and then rejecting, mostly everything in the world around him, he maintained that he could prove the existence of G-d, beyond a shadow of a doubt. For thousands of years,people have been trying to prove G-ds existence but he has yet to be successful. It seems to me that Descartes showed a display of arrogance in supposing that he could devise a method of proving the existence of G-d, doing so without a great deal of difficulty. At one point in his discourse on method, Descartes sets out a code of morals, which he plans to abide by. Descartes states that he plans to obey the laws and the customs of my country, constantly holding on to the religion in which, by G-ds grace, I had been instructed from my childhood . It is quite apparent from this passage, that Descartes had accepted and embraced the idea of G-d long before he even began to question it. With this pre-judgement of G-ds existence, he could not po ssibly have made a fair and accurate conclusion as to whether or not G-d really exists. The fact that he was so ready and willing to accept G-ds existence, while being so critical of everything else around him illustrates how careful he was to prove a G-d of power and benevolence. He then used his idea of G-d to explain and justify his existence and everything else he wants to prove as clearly and distinctly in his argument. If Descartes were to have rejected the ideas of G-d and religion, he would have had a much harder time proving his own existence and the existence of elements which he believed to be true. Had this not been the case, I see no way in which Descartes could have come to feel that he had been able to provide such a secure proof of G-d and his own existence. The Panopticon, an architectural project developed by Jeremy Bentham EssayTo evaluate the Cogito argument, we must first understand it clearly. Thereare four key statements in meditation two that lead Descartes to the certaintythat he exists. Herewith is a summation of Descartes argument:1) Am I so tied to the body and to the senses that I cannot exist without them?2) But certainly I should exist, if I were to persuade myself of something. 3)Then there is no doubt that I exist, if he (evil demon) deceives me. 4) I am,I exist or in other words I think, therefore I am. These claims respectively suggest, that by denying, persuading, and beingdeceived; a certain faculty of thought is being used. By thinking, one can becertain that he exists. Though the argument may seem simple and straightforward, upon closer inspectionthis is not the case.There seems to be some questions concerning the Cogitosinterpretation, the most important being: What is the first certainty thatDescartes uncovers?What perspective does he use to rationalize thiscertainty?, and how does he back it up? By examining the inferential,intuitional and epistemic interpretations, we can discover which interpretationof the Cogito was meant by Descartes in Meditation two. At first it seems obvious that Descartes had meant for the Cogito to be aninferential argument. Of the key propositions in the Meditations all seem tohave the commonality of thinking as their first premise. Similarly the secondpremise and the conclusion seem to follow the same pattern. The second premiseposits the notion: Whatever thinks exists; followed by the conclusion:therefore, I exist. To know something by inference, is to discover something based on previousknowledge.In Descartes case, he has come to know a metaphysical certainty,existence, based on a prior metaphysical certainty, thinking. The soundness ofthis reasoning is good because know matter what we do it is impossible to denythat we think. It seems simple enough, until we consider that Descartes seemsto emphasize that his first absolute certainty is existence. Using the criteriafor inference then, it is impossible that I exist is the first certainty. This is a weak argument for in order for this inference to work; Descartes wouldhave to make revisions to meditation two.However, since he feels so stronglyof this first certainty, I am not convinced that Descartes had meant for thisinterpretation. The intuitional interpretation of the Cogito, maintains that it ismetaphysically certain because Descartes has intuited it. Descartes idea ofintuition is likened to a flash of insight.It can be seen to be true, thesame way we know that that 2+3=5.He simply knows he exists based on a directunderstanding. With this interpretation, cleary the proposition I exist is thefirst certainty. The problem of this argument is that the idea of intuition istoo subjective an interpretation to prove that he exists. There is no way toreplicate this procedure and obtain the same conclusion as Descartes. Theevidence for this interpretation is not strong enough to render it to be theone Descartes intended. The evidence for the epistemic interpretation of the Cogito is good. I feelthat this is the most reasonable interpretation because it seems to be incharacter with the whole of the meditations. Descartes reasoning behind hismetaphysical certainty is that he simply has no reason to doubt it. Previous tothe second meditation, Descartes had used doubt as his tool; in doing so he feltit necessary to suspend all judgment. Here he is able to scrutinize all themajor arguments of meditation two and come to the conclusion that he has noreason to doubt that I exist. It could be conceded that Descartes did notexplore enough sources of doubt. This objection seems inconsequentialconsidering the scope of the problems from the other interpretations. Having established his existence, Descartes finds that his essence is the mind. He places a major importance on the intellect. In further meditations it is themind, through understanding, that leads us to various conclusions. Near theend of Meditation two, Descartes demonstrates how the ideas of the mind are moreattune to finding knowledge than are senses are. The point that he makes here isthat only through the mind can we understand the essential qualities of the wax. Melted a piece of wax exhibits qualities such as extension and mutability. These are concepts that are only clear to the intellect. The main point thatDescartes was trying to get across by using this wax experiment is, that if hecan understand the wax better with his mind, then it certainly follows that heshould know himself better through the same faculty. The Meditations has given me a better understanding of philosophical issues. Ihave learned to suspend judgment so that I may use my intellect to understandthings. Descartes presentation of the mind body problem has given me a newtopic to explore. Is it the mind that rules the body or the body that rules themind. Where does one begin, and the other end? By using some of Descartesmethods I have attempted to see his arguments, and tried to come to my ownconclusions. The mere fact that Descartes found so many certainties in theMeditations is surprising. It is not always easy to find a hypothesis thatstands up to doubt. The Meditations have taught me to be open minded, and toacknowledge that sometimes we make mistakes. However, if we take caution anduse reason carefully we are capable of finding certainty.